CONTANGOFutures prices are higher than the current price (spot), signaling an oversupplied market. Buyers are willing to pay more in the future because supply is abundant now and immediate demand is weaker. This environment often favors storing oil and selling it later at higher prices.
BACKWARDATIONFutures prices are below the current price (spot), signaling a tight market. Buyers are willing to pay more for immediate supply because oil is scarce now. This encourages selling sooner rather than holding inventory.
HOLDING COSTOwning crude oil isn't free. Long positions incur a carrying cost of $0.15 per barrel per week, meaning profits are reduced the longer a position is held without favorable price movement.
CRUDE GRADESBRENT (North Sea), WTI (US Gulf), DUBAI (Middle East). Each reacts differently to events.